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The supervision of offenders in the community has its roots in 19th century voluntary associations such as the Church of England Temperance Movement. Today it is a complex process which pulls together accommodation, job-seeking, drug testing, counselling, administrative and information services . Following successful inolvement of the private sector in managing custodial services since the 1980's in the US and early 1990's in the UK, focus has shifted to building a framework that harnesses private and voluntary sector skills to support state provision in this area.
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| Reducing Re-offending: Creating the Right Framework (PDF) |
| Barbary, Victoria, 2007 |
| New Local Government Network |
| A paper examining the Government's proposals in the Offender Management Bill for greater contestability in probation services and the use of Regional Offender Managers within the commissioning framwork. |
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| UK |
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| Beating Re-Offending: The Third Sector Solution |
| Elsworth, Seb, 2007 |
| Association of Chief Executives of Voluntary Organisations (ACEVO) |
| A briefing that sets out the case for greater third sector involvement within the commissioning framework that NOMS is designed to set up. It includes examples of successful local offender management initiatives that have already been set up in several communities. |
| ISBN 1 900685 38 8 |
| UK |
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| Improving Prison and Probation Services: Public Value Partnerships (PDF) |
| National Offender Management Service (NOMS), 2006 |
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| Report on a NOMS programme aimed at improving public protection through the extension of partnership working and contestability. This includes the market testing of community and custody interventions and further competition in the builiding and operation of new prisons. |
| ISBN-10: 1-874726-009-8 |
| UK |
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| Lessons from Prison Privatisation for Probation |
| Liebling, Alison, 2006 |
| Ch.6 from 'Reshaping Probation and Prisons: The New Offender Management Framework', Mike Hough, Rob Allen and Una Padel (eds), PolicyPress |
| A paper on what implications the experience of prison privatisation in the UK may have for the competition of probation services. |
| ISBN 10 1 86134 812 6 |
| UK |
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| Contestability: Is the Model for NOMS Fit for Purpose? (PDF) |
| Wargeant, Martin, 2005 |
| Vista: Perspectives on Probation, Vol.9, No.3, pp.162-168 |
| A sceptical assesment of proposals to reform the probation services by the chief executive of the Probation Boards Association which draws on the experience of other public sector privatisation initiatives. |
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| UK |
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| Partnership in Working with Young Offenders with Substance Misuse Problems |
| Minkes, Jonathan; Hammersley, Richard and Raynor, Peter, 2005 |
| The Howard Journal, Vol. 44, No.3 (July) pp. 254-268 |
| An article which looks at the quality of relationships between youth offending teams and substance misuse projects run by voluntary and statutory agencies. |
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| UK |
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| Managing Offenders, Reducing Crime: A New Approach (PDF) |
| Carter, Patrick, 2003 |
| Prime Minister's Strategy Unit |
| Review of correctional services which proposes the establishment of the National Offender Management Service to provide end-to-end offender management. Greater use of competition from the private and voluntary sectors is put forward as a way of improving effectiveness and value for money. |
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| UK |
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| Partnerships Between the Probation Service and Voluntary Sector Organizations |
| Gibbs, Anita, 2001 |
| British Journal of Social Work, Vol. 31, pp. 15-27 |
| This paper considers the development of partnerships between probation and the volutary sector in the early 1990's in England and Wales and compares these to Crime and Disorder Partnerships for crime prevention as introduced by the 1998 Criminal Justice Act. |
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| UK |
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| Privatizing Probation and Parole (PDF) |
| Reynolds, Morgan O. , 2000 |
| National Center for Policy Analysis (NCPA) |
| A report on how the US probation and parole system could be reformed by employing a form of bail bonding which could involve the use of private sector agents. |
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| US |
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| Privatizing Community Supervision (PDF) |
| National Institute of Corrections , 1998 |
| US Department of Justice |
| A collection of articles which looks at private involvement in community corrections from a practitioner's point of view including case studies of states' experiences and differing perspectives on the process. |
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| US |
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| Pitfalls and Prospects in Partnership: Probation Programmes for Substance Misusing Offenders |
| Rumgay, Judith and Cowan, Sharon, 1998 |
| The Howard Journal, Vol. 37, No.2 (May) pp. 124-136 |
| A report drawing on a study of partnerships between probation and substance misuse agencies in England and Wales which looks at how far relationships are influenced by the use of financial contracts for the services of voluntary agencies. |
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| UK |
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| Partnership in Practice: The Experience of Two Probation Services |
| Cross, Beverley, 1997 |
| The Howard Journal, Vol. 36, No.1 pp. 62-79 (February) |
| A report drawing on a study of two probation services' partnerships with the voluntary sector in their areas which looks at the conditions constituting good practice. |
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| UK |
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| Probation Partnerships, Voluntary Action and Community Justice |
| Nellis, Mike, 1995 |
| Social Policy and Administration, Vol. 29, No.2 (June) pp.91-109 |
| A paper outlining the the origins and implications of the Tory Government's policy in the late eighties and early nineties to encourage the Probation Service to develop increased partnership with voluntary sector agencies. |
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| UK |
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| Contracting for Community Corrections Services (PDF) |
| Jensen, Christy; Lieber, Harley; Scherman, Richard and Smith Thiel, Karen , 1987 |
| National Institute of Corrections, US Department of Justice |
| A handbook on contracting which is based on understanding the process as a series of interlocking decisions. |
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| US |
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