Municipal Services
Municipal services were commonly delivered under contract throughout the nineteenth century, and they were some of the first services to be opened again to competition in the 1970s and 1980s. In the UK, this was, to some extent, because of compulsory competitive tendering, but there had already been some experimentation with the contracting of waste management prior to that time. In the United States, there is a tradition in some areas, dating back serveral decades, of contracting entie local authority services.