Ambulance
In the United States, private (for-profit) companies have been playing a greater role in the provision of paramedic services and medical transportation, although with increasing competition from city fire departments. Today they account for around 40 percent of these services in major cities. In Denmark, around 85 percent of ambulance services are provided by a private company, and in other European countries, private not-for-profit organisations dominate.
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2006 JEMS 200-City Survey: EMS From All Angles (PDF) Williams, David M., 2007 Journal of Emergency Medical Services, Elsevier Inc. Yearly survey of the largest emergency medical services systems across the United States of America, and provides a 'snapshot of the industry' and can be used for benchmarking purposes. USA
2005 JEMS 200-City Survey (PDF) Williams, David M., 2006 Journal of Emergency Medical Services, Vol. 31, No. 2 The 2005 survey of first responder and transport units that serve emergency medical services in 200 cities throughout the USA. The survey reveals that private organisations and fire departments are the most common ambulance types, and that the decision between public and private funding reflects the effect of the trade-off between subsidy and price. USA
2004 JEMS 200-City Survey (PDF) Williams, David M., 2005 Journal of Emergency Medical Services, Vol. 30, No. 2 A yearly updated survey of first responders and transport services of emergency medical services in the most populous US cities. For the first time in recent years, fire based emergency medical services provided the majority of primary emergency transport, but this may be a methodological effect due to the nature of the respondents. USA
2003 JEMS 200-City Survey (PDF) Monosky, Keith A., 2004 Journal of Emergency Medical Services, Vol. 29, No. 2 Comparative analysis of the emergency medical services in the 200 most populous cities in the USA, relating to both first response and transport shows that the fire department continues to be the dominant agency type in the delivery of first response. USA
2002 JEMS 200-City Survey (PDF) Monosky, Keith A., 2003 Journal of Emergency Medical Services, Vol. 28, No. 2 Annual report on the operational and clinical trends in emergency medical services of two hundred cities in the USA for the year 2002. Increased standardisation can be seen across the nation, but functional differences remain across the country. USA
Emergency Medical Services Privatization: Frequently Asked Questions (PDF)
Balaker, Ted and Summers, Adam B. , 2003
Reason Public Policy Institute, Reason Foundation, Policy Study No. 310
2001 JEMS 200-City Survey (PDF) Cady, Geoff, 2002 Journal of Emergency Medical Services, Vol. 27, No. 2 The 2001 nationwide survey of emergency medical service responders and transport services across cities in the USA is designed to assess the flexibility and preparedness of emergency service providers to respond to changing requirements, in particular the implementation of the Medicare fee schedule. USA
Where Do 911 System Ambulances Take Their Patients? Differences Between Voluntary Hospital Ambulances and Fire Department Ambulances (Web Page)
Hevesi, Alan G. , 2001
City of New York Office of the Comptroller, Office of Policy Management
Test Calls Made to Non-Emergency Ambulance Telephone Lines (PDF)
Auditor General of Victoria, 1999
Government Printer for the State of Victoria, No. 18 - Session 1999-2000
Metropolitan Ambulance Service: Contractual and Outsourcing Practices (PDF)
Auditor General of Victoria, 1997
Government Printer for the State of Victoria, Special Report 49, 1996-97
Metropolitan Ambulance Service: Fulfilling a Vital Community Need (PDF)
Auditor General of Victoria, 1997
Government Printer for the State of Victoria, Special Report 50, 1996-97
Privatizing Emergency Medical Service: How Cities Can Cut Costs and Save Lives (PDF)
Poole, Robert W. Jr., 1995
Reason Foundation
A Century of Service to Mankind: A History of the St John Ambulance Brigade Cole-Mackintosh, Ronnie, 1996 Century Bentham Ltd UK
The Red Cross and the White Saunders, Hilary St George, 1949 Hollis & Carter UK
The St. John Ambulance Association: Its History, and its Part in the Ambulance Movement Fletcher, N. Corbet, 1929 The St. John Ambulance Association UK

